Introduction: Royal jelly is a secretion of mandibular and hyppopharyngial glands of young (ages 4-15) worker honey bees that is used to feed larvae in the first three days of their lives and queen during its entire life (Bogdanov 2012). Today, PRODUCTION of royal jelly and its usage by human is increasing as well as improving methods of PRODUCTION. China is the greatest producer of royal jelly, because they use high royal jelly producing lines and specific equipment and experienced beekeepers in the process (Krell 1996; Chen et al. 2002). No data is existing about the amount of royal jelly PRODUCTION in Iran, otherwise its consumption is increasing. Naturally, it is possible to harvest royal jelly from natural queen cells in swarming period of colonies, but at this way the amount of harvested royal jelly is very low. Colack Board and 24 hour methods are the most common methods for yielding bee queen in Iran, but their usage in royal jelly PRODUCTION have not been yet examined. So, this experiment was conducted in order to survey and compare these two methods of royal jelly PRODUCTION and determine the effect of this method on the acceptance of grafted cells and the amount of royal jelly harvested from each grafted cell and hive. In the second stage, honey PRODUCTIONs of control colonies compared with experimental colonies and economic analysis of royal jelly PRODUCTION with these two methods are presented. Material and methods: This experiment was carried out in honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera meda) of East Azarbaijan province in 2016. We used 30 honey bee colonies headed by one year old sister queens and the same contents of the hive and then, they were randomly divided into three groups. Experimental design was 2×3 factorial based on CRD, which had two factors including method and period. Ten colonies were organized as 24 hour protocol, 10 as cloack board method, and 10 untreated colonies as control. For this reason, 45 grafted cells were added into each hive. Experiment was repeated three times in May, June, and July. Royal jelly was gathered in the 3 rd day after grafting. Number of accepted cells was counted and the amount of royal jelly PRODUCTION from each cell was measured. as Also, the total amount of royal jelly PRODUCTION by each hive was calculated. Linear multiple trait model was used to analyze data. Statistical model was: Yij= μ + Mi + Sj + MSij + eij; where: Yij = record of each trait, μ = overall mean, Mi = effect of method, Sj = effect of month, MSij = interaction effect of method and month, eij = experimental error. The cost-income of the royal jelly PRODUCTION was calculated for the test colonies, considering the price of each kilogram of honey and jelly, 200 thousand Rials and 50 million Rials, respectively. Results and discussion: Results showed that there was no significant difference between two methods in acceptation rate of grafted larvae. The interaction between two factors (working method and time) was not also significant. But, there was a significant difference between the months in acceptation rate; so that, mean comparisons showed the lowest larvae acceptance in July (%78. 7200) and the highest in June (%85. 2700). No significant difference was observed between two methods based on total royal jelly PRODUCTION from each hive. Also, the interaction between two factors (working method and time) was not significant. However, the effect of time was significant; so that, the maximum amount of royal jelly PRODUCTION from each hive was occurred in May (9. 7730 g/hive) and the minimum in July (8. 3295 g/hive). The amount of royal jelly PRODUCTION from each cell in different amounts was not significantly different. Also, the effect of method and amount interaction was not significantly different. But amount of royal jelly harvested from each cell significantly affected by method; so, the amount of royal jelly per cell in cloack board method was more than 24 hours method (262. 66 and 236. 87 mg/cell, respectively). Cost-Income calculation showed that, by PRODUCTION of royal jelly, we can add 919. 5 thousand Rials to the income from each hive. Considering the results of this study and other related reports (Sahinler 2005; Le Jiang 2001; and Elmi 2016), month and season had a considerable effect on royal jelly PRODUCTION. Colony internal contents (brood and food area and population) and external condition (honey and pollen flow) are varying with season (Buchler et al. 2013). Larvae acceptance and the amount of royal jelly could be affected by each of these factors. Larvae acceptance in this study was higher than other related reports (Kumar and Kumar 1999). Mean of royal jelly per hive in current research was lower than that of other report (Elmi 2016). It seems that environmental factors affected this trait. Due to climate situations followed by poor nutritional pollens in the nature, there was a decline in breeding quality of queens at the year of experiment. Mean of royal jelly PRODUCTION per cell was nearly the same as other related reports (Elmi 2016; Bogdanov 2012). Considering amount of royal jelly per cell, it seems that Cloack Board method is preferable to the 24-hour method. One of the advantages of the Royal jelly PRODUCTION on the experimental colonies was that none of the colonies had swarmed. Also, there was no significant difference between groups in honey PRODUCTION of three groups, and royal jelly PRODUCTION had not negative effect on the amount of honey PRODUCTION. Therefore, royal jelly PRODUCTION can be achieved by beekeepers to increase their income. Conclusions: Generally, the results of this study showed that the percentage of larvae acceptance and the amount of royal jelly produced from each hive are acceptable in both ways. The amount of the royal jelly produced from each cell in the Cloack Board method is greater than the 24-hour procedure, and the use of the Cloack Board method to produce royal jelly can be more advisable under the 24 h method, because: the amount of royal jelly are obtained from each cell is high and there is no need for the removal of the queen and the colony develops normally. Furthermore, PRODUCTION of royal jelly would increase the beekeepers income by using any of the above methods without any negative effect on honey yield, and it has a positive effect on swarming tendency of colonies.

Identifying the constraining factors of PRODUCTION and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the PRODUCTION constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

In order to Discriminant analyses of efficient indexes on PRODUCTION of apiaries in East Azerbaijan to define the special relationship between some of the important factors affecting the PRODUCTION and the amount of future PRODUCTION of hive, analytical test done by providing and completing a questionnaire form in apiaries in both breeding and harvesting stages. As the two apiaries producing group i.e. high PRODUCTION group (higher than the average PRODUCTION) and low PRODUCTION group (under average PRODUCTION) using specific parameters were divided and tested. By examining the results and using the statistical analysis methods, the role and the impact of some of the factors affecting PRODUCTION were defined as a linear relationship. This formula makes it possible to predict the amount of APIARY PRODUCTION before harvest, as by comparison of the resulting value for an APIARY based on intended parameters with the obtained indicator, we can predicted its PRODUCTION and in the case of low .performance, beekeeper urged to fix existing bugs.

BACKGROUND: Honey bees play a significant role in the balance of nature, especially through the pollination process. Pollination is important for the viability of many pastoral enterprises, market gardens and orchards. As at June 2010 the estimated value of pollination to Victorian agricultural and horticultural crops was estimated to exceed $400 million. Horticultural and seed industries are partially or completely dependent on effective pollination by honey bees.The bee keeping industry is one of the important sections of agriculture in Iran. It is a manufacturing activity that is possible throughout the year. Thousands of households are passing the life with this manner. OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the present study is an examination of effective factors on honey PRODUCTION yield at Arasbaran apiaries in the east Dizmar district of Khoda afarin County of the east Azerbaijan province. METHIDS: Type of research is descriptive - correlation and statistical population was all (643) the bee keepers in 4 villages of the east Dizmar district of Khoda afarin County. In order to examining the reliability of the questionnaire a pre - test was conducted. The value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire was between 0/77 – 0/85. Sample size of the bee keepers was determined by random systematic method with Cochrane formula. Finally, 243 bee keepers was selected. The data was analyzed by using SPSS22 and LISREL8.72 soft wares. It is worth noting that yield of honey PRODUCTION is dependent variable and was calculated based on the amount and quantity of products (bee wax, honey and bee glue) which produced by Bee keepers from each hive in kilograms. RESULTS: According to research findings, bee keepers are in middle age range. This range of age can be considered positive point of the combination of young force and experience. The minimum education level of one third of bee keepers is bachelor. So, it is possible to perform literacy - based educations and, on the other hand, this capacity can be used to teach other bee keepers with low literacy. In terms of being bee keepers innovator, statistics show that they do not use the modified queen and rely on queen's natural duplicating method. It would be a reason to being intangible beekeepers need for training and feasibility to use the modified queen under consideration of governmental organisation and also, using the method of controlled process of the queen duplication. Improvement and modernization of hives is not favorable.This fact affects on the rate of each hive PRODUCTION and market qualification of honey products. There are positive and significant correlation in 5% level between dependent variable (honey products yield) and some factors such as; the individual, professional, psychological and technical characteristics. Based on the rate of factor loading, psychological factor (1.27) and variables such as: seeking out weather news, being helpful of extension and education classes, the interest to continue beekeeping job, social desirability of beekeeping and the distance of the apiaries had the most effect on variance changes of honey yield. CONCLUSIONS: Livelihoods of bee keepers was not evaluated appropriately, so in order to helping bee keepers to continue the PRODUCTION of honey, providing sustainable livelihoods, alternatives and supplements are suggested. The whole state of the colonies are not suitable. It is necessary to take place an urgent act by agricultural extension office of the east Azerbaijan province for promoting technologies consistent with regional conditions. Developing usage of the modified queen and the industrial method of duplicating queen feels strongly to be planned in the research district. Labor - save technologies be introduced for declining duration of referring bee keepers to hives. Variables such as desirability of social status of bee keeping and interest in continuing bee keeping job had significant affect on honey PRODUCTION so, the distinctive suggestion is that custodians of affairs do the necessary measures like promotion to introduce more bee keeping job to the community. It is important to predict creating required conditions to buy modern hives due to granting a subsidy facilities. By reducing the PRODUCTION cost of bee keepers ' performance rises, therefore the obvious suggestion in order to reduce costs is setting up bee keepers ' formations. One of the variables influencing honey yield is replacing of honeycombs. Specified suggestion for this case is predicting training headlines, applying appropriate supervision and implementing of extensional programs. Also, Generalizing and expanding education with the aim of transferring elderly and highly qualified person's experiences to young people, on the one hand, and increasing the possibility of applying new technologies, on the other hand, will have a double effect on bee keepers honey yield. The effect of following the meteorology news on the honey yield is above. This fact illustrates the role of proper knowledge of bee keepers of meteorological variables on honey PRODUCTION. So, it is important that east Azerbaijan agriculture jihad organization preparing daily messages for bee keepers in the form of SMS or by mass media. Preparing reports about prediction of meteorological status in the form of weekly, monthly, seasonal and six mouths is emphasized.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the PRODUCTION of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the PRODUCTION of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Introduction: Honey bees are vital to the economy of the people of Kurdistan Province, Iran. They produce honey and other hive products like royal jelly, wax, venom, and collect pollen and propolis. They also provide food security, create jobs in secondary industries, and prevent rural migration to cities. In addition to their significant role in pollination, they also increase the quantity and quality of agricultural products, develop and expand forests and pastures, preserve biodiversity, and increase income. Despite all these economic and social benefits, honeybee colonies and the beekeeping profession in Iran have been adversely affected by several adverse factors, one of the most important of which is the lack of access for beekeepers to improved, highly productive, and economical queens. The use of improved queens with desirable functional and behavioral traits is one of the most important factors of success in beekeeping. The current study was conducted to evaluate the performance of improved Iranian honey bee queens, "Aram", with native queens and their hybrids in three apiaries located in different climates of Kurdistan province during 2022-2023. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in the form of a factorial experiment (3×3) and based on a completely randomized design with nine treatments and five replications. The treatments included improved and mated queens (improved and mated queens in the central core of the Iranian honey bee breeding plan), hybrid queens (improved and mated queens in the apiaries of Kurdistan province), and native queens (as control). In total, the current study was carried out on 45 honey bee colonies. After the preparation of colonies in each APIARY and the successful introduction of queens, the colonies were homogenized in terms of population (adults and brood) and honey storage according to standard instructions. In the present study, the traits of calmness behavior, swarming, homozygosity of sex alleles, population (adults and brood), and honey PRODUCTION were evaluated in the studied bee colonies in each APIARY. Data analysis was conducted by SAS 9.4 software. Results and discussion: Variance analysis results of calmness trait showed that the effect of treatment (P<0.01), queen (P<0.01), and the APIARY (P<0.05) were significant on the calmness trait of the studied honey bee colonies. Based on the mean comparison results, the highest amount of this trait, with an average of 0.4 ± 0.12 related to the improved queens in the APIARY located in the Saral region, and the lowest with an average of 1.7 ± 0.19 related to the native queens in the APIARY located in the Genghis Ghalea village. Variance analysis results of swarming trait showed that the effect of treatment, APIARY, queen, and the interaction effect of APIARY × queen were significant on the swarming trait of the studied honey bee colonies (P<0.01). Based on the mean comparison results, the highest rate of swarming trait with an average of 20 queen cells is related to the native queens of APIARY 2 (an APIARY located in the Qazalali village), and the lowest rate of this trait with an average of 0.2 queen cells is related to the improved queens of APIARY 2 (an APIARY located in the Qazalali village). Variance analysis results of homozygosity of sex alleles showed that the effect of treatment and the interaction effect of APIARY × queen (P<0.01) and the effect of APIARY and queen (P<0.05) were significant on homozygosity of sex alleles of honey bee colonies in the studied apiaries. Based on the mean comparison results, the highest and lowest homozygosity of sex alleles was related to the improved queens of the third APIARY (the APIARY located in the Saral area) and the hybrid queens of the second APIARY (the APIARY located in the Qazalali village), respectively. Variance analysis results of the adult population trait showed that the effect of treatment and queen (P<0.01), and the APIARY and the interaction effects of queen × APIARY (P<0.05) were significant on the adult population trait of the studied honey bee colonies. Based on the mean comparison results, the highest amount of adult population was observed in improved queens of APIARY 3, and the lowest in native queens of APIARY 3 (APIARY located in the Saral region). Variance analysis results of brood population trait showed that the effect of treatment, APIARY, queen, and the interaction effects of APIARY × queen were significant on the brood population of the studied honey bee colonies (P<0.01). Based on the mean comparison results, the highest average of this trait was related to the improved queens in APIARY 3 (the APIARY located in the Saral area), and the lowest was related to the native queens of APIARY 1 (the APIARY located in the Genghis Ghalea village). Variance analysis results of the honey PRODUCTION trait showed that the effect of treatment, APIARY, and queen was significant on the honey PRODUCTION trait of honey bee colonies of the studied apiaries (P<0.01). Based on the mean comparison results, the highest PRODUCTION of honey, with an average of 8.2 kg, is related to the improved queens of the second APIARY (the APIARY located in the Qazalali village), and the lowest, with an average of 3.4 kg, is related to the native queens of the third APIARY (the APIARY located in the Saral region). Conclusions: Considering the superiority and significant improvements of the improved queens of the Iranian honey bee breeding plan in the majority of the traits studied in the current research, it can be concluded that breeding has been effective in improving the target traits. Also, it can be suggested to use improved queens of Iranian honey bees to increase the performance of honey bee colonies in the country.

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

The Bee-eaters, include a group of 31 species of birds with bright colors that lives across the Palaeotropical and southern Eurasia regions. Of these, three species are distributed in Iran. Considering the role of bee-eaters in nature, presence of three species of Bee-eaters in Fars province and the conflict between Bee-keepers and Bee-eaters, it is important to study the distribution of these species in the province. In order to investigate the distribution range of Bee-eaters in ecoregions of Fars province, fieldwork was carried out during 2017 and 2018. In total, 294 points were recorded for the European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster), 58 points for the Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis) and 13 points for the Persian Bee-eater (Merops persicus). Results showed that the European Bee-eater is distributed in almost regions of the province, Green Bee-eater in southern and western areas and the Persian Bee-eater in northern and western areas. According to the terrestrial ecoregions for Fars province, the European Bee-eater is distributed in the all three ecoregions including central Persian desert basins in northern areas, Zagros mountains forest steppe in central areas, and south Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert ecoregion in southern areas of the province, but the most of its distribution points are related to the Zagros mountains forest steppe ecoregion. The Green Bee-eater is distributed in the Zagros mountains forest steppe and south Iran Nubo-Sindian desert ecoregions, however most of its distribution points are related to the south Iran Nubo-Sindian desert. The Persian Bee-eater is distributed only in the Zagros mountains forest steppe ecoregion.The three Bee-eater species overlap widely in distribution range in some parts of Fars province, and in the areas where all three species coexist, beekeeping is probably associated with a higher risk. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to this point for beehive APIARY location.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) belonging to the Asteraceae family and known for its valuable secondary metabolite, silymarin. In order to get the cell suspension culture of Silybum marianum, the combination of 2,4-D and BAP hormones each with five different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 2 and 5 mg/L) and 3 different seedling explants (cotyledon, hypocotyl and root) was used to callus formation. High-quality callus was observed in eight different of hormone-explant combinations. Successful cell suspension culture was achieved only by using callus created from cotyledon explants treated with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 5 mg/L BAP. Furthermore, the study examined the effects of 2% and 4% Serendipita indica cell wall extract as an elicitor on silymarin PRODUCTION in cell suspension culture at three different inoculation times (24, 48, and 72 h). After 48 h of inoculation with 2% fungal extract, the highest level of silymarin (199 ppm) was observed, which was significantly different from the control (46 ppm). The silymarin content of cells increased over time through elicitation with 4% fungal elicitor, while no similar pattern was observed with 2% fungal extract. Based on the results, the cell wall of S. indica can significantly enhance the amount of SLM in the cell suspension culture of S. marianum.